Driving in Bad Weather: Rain, Snow, Fog and Wind

This guide covers how to drive in rain, snow, ice, fog and high winds, the European rules that change with the weather, and when the safest decision is not to drive at all. A route that's easy in sunshine can be very different in heavy rain or fog.

Driving in Heavy Rain

Rain is the most common adverse weather condition you will encounter on a European road trip, and it is also the most underestimated. Wet roads are involved in a disproportionate number of accidents because many drivers fail to adjust their speed and following distance.

How Rain Affects Driving

• Reduced visibility: Heavy rain can cut visibility to under 100 metres. Spray from other vehicles, particularly lorries, can reduce it further.
• Longer stopping distances: On a wet road, stopping distances are at least double those on a dry surface. At 100 km/h, your stopping distance increases from approximately 70 metres to over 140 metres.
• Reduced tyre grip: Water between the tyre and road surface reduces friction. This effect is worst in the first 15 minutes of rain, when water mixes with oil and dust on the road surface to create an extremely slippery film.

Aquaplaning

Aquaplaning (hydroplaning) occurs when a layer of water builds up between your tyres and the road surface, causing the tyres to lose contact with the tarmac entirely. Your vehicle is essentially floating on water, and steering and braking have no effect.

How to handle aquaplaning:

1. Do not brake suddenly or turn the steering wheel sharply. Both will cause the vehicle to spin or slide uncontrollably.
2. Ease off the accelerator gradually. This transfers weight to the front wheels and helps them regain contact with the road.
3. Keep the steering wheel straight or pointed in the direction you want to travel.
4. Wait for the tyres to regain grip. You will feel a slight jolt as they reconnect with the road surface. Only then should you gently brake or steer.

Prevention is better than cure. Aquaplaning risk increases significantly above 80 km/h, especially with worn tyres or in areas where water pools on the road surface. Slow down when you see standing water.

Rain Driving Tips

• Reduce speed by 20-30%. In France and Luxembourg, speed limits are automatically reduced in rain (by 20 km/h on motorways and 10 km/h on rural roads).
• Double your following distance from the vehicle ahead. Use the four-second rule instead of the usual two seconds.
• Turn on your dipped headlights. It's required in poor visibility across Europe, and at all times in the Nordic countries and on Italian roads outside towns.
• Avoid using cruise control in heavy rain. You need to be able to modulate speed instantly if you hit standing water.
• Check your wipers before the trip. Worn wiper blades smear rather than clear water. Replace them if they are over a year old or showing streaks.
• Beware of flooded roads. Never drive through water of unknown depth. If water reaches the bottom of your doors, it can flood the engine. Just 30cm of flowing water can move a car.

If rain is so heavy that you cannot see the tail lights of the vehicle ahead, it is too heavy to drive in. Pull over in a safe location, turn on your hazard lights, and wait for the intensity to drop. Motorway service stations and rest areas are ideal places to wait out a storm.

Driving in Snow and Ice

Snow and ice transform driving conditions completely. If your road trip takes you through the Alps, Scandinavia or Eastern Europe in winter, you need to know how to drive on them.

Winter Tyres and Chains

Before discussing driving technique, the most important factor is your tyres:

• Winter tyres are mandatory in many European countries between specific dates. Germany, Austria, Czechia, Slovenia and the Nordic countries all require winter tyres (marked with the three-peak mountain snowflake symbol, or M+S in some countries) in winter conditions or between set dates. In France's mountain areas, winter tyres or chains on board are required from 1 November to 31 March.
• Snow chains are required on certain roads, particularly mountain passes. In France and Italy, chain signs (a white tyre on a blue background) indicate where chains must be fitted. Carry chains that fit your tyre size and practise fitting them before your trip.
• All-season tyres are a compromise. They are adequate for light winter conditions but do not match the performance of dedicated winter tyres in snow or ice. If you are renting a car, request winter tyres at the time of booking.

Driving Technique on Snow and Ice

1. Accelerate and brake gently. Smooth inputs are the foundation of safe winter driving. Any sudden application of throttle, brake, or steering will cause the tyres to lose grip.
2. Use a higher gear than normal. In a manual car, pulling away in second gear reduces torque at the wheels and minimises wheel spin. Automatic cars often have a snow or winter mode that does this electronically.
3. Increase following distances to at least 10 times the normal gap. On ice, stopping distances can be 10 times longer than on dry roads. At 50 km/h, a car can take over 250 metres to stop on sheet ice.
4. Steer into a skid. If the rear of the car slides out to the right, steer gently to the right. Do not brake. Wait for the tyres to regain grip, then gently straighten the wheel.
5. Avoid steep hills if possible. Going up, maintain a steady speed without stopping; momentum is your friend. Going down, use a low gear and let the engine do the braking rather than the brake pedal.

Black Ice

Black ice is a thin layer of transparent ice on the road surface. It is called black ice because you see the dark road surface through it, making it almost invisible. It typically forms:

• On bridges and overpasses (which cool faster than roads on solid ground).
• In shaded areas, especially on the north side of hills and under tree cover.
• In the early morning when overnight temperatures drop below freezing but the road looks dry.
• When temperatures hover around 0-4 degrees Celsius.

If your car suddenly feels very light and the steering becomes unresponsive, you may be on black ice. Do not brake or steer. Lift off the accelerator very gently and let the car slow naturally until the tyres find grip again.

Check your car's external temperature reading regularly. When it drops to 3 degrees Celsius or below, treat every shaded section and every bridge as potentially icy, even if the main road surface looks clear.

Driving in Fog

Fog is one of the most dangerous conditions because it takes away your view of the road. Many multi-vehicle pile-ups on motorways happen in fog, because drivers travel too fast for the visibility.

Using Your Lights Correctly

• Dipped headlights: Always on in fog, even during daylight. They help other drivers see you as much as they help you see the road.
• Front fog lights: Use them when visibility is seriously reduced (the UK Highway Code says generally below 100 metres). They are mounted low and cast a wide, flat beam that illuminates the road surface without reflecting back off the fog.
• Rear fog lights: In the UK, use them when visibility is below about 100 metres. In Germany and France you may only use them below 50 metres, and in Germany you must then drive no faster than 50 km/h. They are very bright and will dazzle drivers behind you in better visibility, and using them unnecessarily is an offence in many countries.
• Never use full beam headlights in fog. The light reflects off the water droplets and bounces straight back at you, making visibility significantly worse.

Fog Driving Technique

1. Slow down to match visibility. A simple rule: you should be able to stop within the distance you can see. If visibility is 50 metres, you should be travelling slowly enough to stop within 50 metres (roughly 40-50 km/h).
2. Use road markings as a guide. The white lines on the road edge are easier to see than the road ahead. Use them to maintain your lane position.
3. Open your window slightly. In thick fog, you can sometimes hear traffic before you see it. An open window also helps prevent your windscreen fogging up inside.
4. Do not follow the tail lights of the car ahead too closely. This gives a false sense of security and means you are matching their speed, which may be too fast for the conditions.
5. Do not stop on the road. If you need to stop, pull completely off the road into a layby, car park, or service area. Turn off your headlights and turn on hazard lights so approaching drivers do not mistake your tail lights for a moving vehicle and follow you off the road.

Driving in High Winds

High winds are a particular hazard on exposed roads: coastal routes, mountain passes, bridges, and open plains. Wind-related incidents are especially common in southern France (the Mistral wind), along the Croatian coast (the Bora wind), and on exposed roads in Scotland, Iceland, and Scandinavia.

Vehicles Most Affected

• High-sided vehicles: Campervans, motorhomes, and cars with roof boxes are the most vulnerable. A strong crosswind can cause a laden roof box to act as a sail.
• Light vehicles: Small cars are more easily pushed sideways by gusts than heavier vehicles.
• Vehicles towing trailers or caravans: Crosswinds can cause dangerous swaying (snaking) in trailers.

High Wind Driving Tips

• Grip the steering wheel firmly with both hands at the 9 and 3 o'clock positions. Be prepared for sudden gusts that push the car sideways.
• Watch for wind exposure changes. The most dangerous moment is transitioning from a sheltered section (cutting through a forest or between buildings) to an exposed section (bridge, open plain, gap between hills). The sudden crosswind can catch you off guard.
• Reduce speed on bridges and viaducts. These are almost always more exposed than the roads leading to them. Many European bridges have wind speed indicators and will close to high-sided vehicles or all traffic in extreme conditions.
• Give extra space to lorries, buses, and motorcycles. Lorries create a wind shadow; as you overtake one, you will first be shielded from the crosswind, then suddenly exposed when you clear the front of the lorry. Motorcyclists are very vulnerable to crosswinds.
• Remove or check roof boxes and roof racks. If you are carrying a roof box, ensure it is properly secured and as aerodynamic as possible. In very high winds, consider removing it for the exposed section. See our roof box guide.

Weather apps like Windy, Yr.no, and Weather Underground show wind speed forecasts and gusts. Before driving an exposed coastal or mountain route, check the forecast. As a rough guide, gusts above 60 km/h make driving uncomfortable, and above 90 km/h it becomes dangerous for all vehicles.

When Not to Drive

Sometimes the safest driving decision is not to drive. Knowing when to delay or reroute can prevent a dangerous situation entirely.

Conditions Where You Should Not Drive

• Visibility below 30 metres in fog or blizzard conditions.
• Red weather warnings issued by national weather services. These indicate a direct risk to life. In France, this is a Vigilance Rouge alert; in the UK, a Red Warning from the Met Office; in Germany, an Unwetterwarnung from DWD.
• Flooded roads where water depth is unknown.
• Black ice covering the entire road surface with no gritted alternative routes.
• Mountain passes in active blizzard conditions when pass status boards show red or closed.

Useful Weather Resources for Drivers

• Windy.com: Excellent visual weather forecasts including wind, precipitation, and visibility layers.
• Yr.no: The Norwegian Meteorological Institute's free service, particularly good for Scandinavia.
• Meteo France / Met Office / DWD: National services provide localised warnings that are more specific than international apps.
• Pass status websites: Countries with mountain passes (Switzerland, Austria, France, Italy) maintain live road status pages showing which passes are open, closed, or require chains.

Before setting out on any long drive, check the weather forecast for your entire route, not just your destination. Plan your route to see which sections are exposed, and read our guide to winter road trips in Europe if you're going in the cold months.

Frequently asked questions

Do I need winter tyres for a European road trip?

If you are travelling between October and April and your route includes any mountainous regions, Scandinavia, Germany, Austria, or Eastern Europe, you should have winter tyres. Many countries make them legally mandatory in winter conditions, and rental companies in alpine areas typically fit them as standard during winter months. Even in countries where they are not mandatory, winter tyres grip much better than summer tyres in cold, wet or icy conditions.

What does aquaplaning feel like?

The steering suddenly goes very light and unresponsive, and you may feel the car surge forward slightly as the rolling resistance drops. Engine noise may change if the wheels are spinning freely. It is a distinctly unsettling sensation. The key response is: do not brake or steer sharply. Lift off the accelerator gently and keep the steering wheel straight until the tyres regain contact with the road.

Should I use fog lights in heavy rain?

Front fog lights can be helpful in very heavy rain as they illuminate the road surface close to the car. Rear fog lights are only for seriously reduced visibility (below 100 metres in the UK, 50 metres in Germany and France), which rain rarely causes. Using them in moderate rain dazzles following drivers and is an offence in several European countries.